Title: A Concise History of Spacecraft Radio Astronomy: the
Legacy of Robert G. Stone (1928-2004)

J. Fainberg, M. Kaiser, and R. MacDowall
Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics, NASA/GSFC

Spacecraft radio astronomy is conducted primarily to make
observations at frequencies lower than the ionospheric cutoff
(~10 MHz).  In most cases, a single spinning spacecraft with a
long (~100 m) dipole antenna provides sensitive observations
with limited angular resolution.  A technique using the spin
modulation imposed by the spacecraft provides the direction
to the source to within a degree. At Goddard Space Flight Center,
Robert Stone and colleagues played a major role in the formulation
and implementation of numerous spacecraft investigations of solar,
interplanetary, and planetary radio emissions.  This seminar
will consist of three short presentations - 1) the early years of
space-based solar radio astronomy; 2) the "golden years" - the
ISEE-3, Ulysses, and Wind missions (1978-1995); and 3) the
present status and future of spacecraft radio astronomy.  Together,
these presentations will convey the key role of Robert Stone in
the development of space-based radio astronomy.